Networking & Internet
Some questions on Topic
IMPORTANT TERMS & DEFINITIONS
Network - A network is an interconnected collection of autonomous computers.
Nodes - The terminals attached to the network and share the resources of the network are called nodes.
Server - The node, which provides service to the network at a fixed address is called server.
LAN - A digital communication system cable of interconnecting a large number of computers, terminals and other peripherals devices confined to relatively small areas such as building or a group of buildings.
WAN - Wide area network spans a large area-possibly several connections.
MAN - The scope of metropolitan area network lies between LANs and WANs, i.e. spanning a small city or a town.
Communication channels - The connecting cables are the communication channels between the different channel workstations. The three main types of cables are twisted pair cables, coaxial cable and optical fibre cable.
Modem - The device that converts data from digital to analog form and vice versa.
Topology - The pattern of interconnection of nodes in a network is called the topology.
Internet - The internet is a global network of computers that are linked together by cables and telephone lines making communication possible among them.
Repeater - Repeater is used to regenerate data and voice signals.
Bridges - A bridge is used to connect two LANs which are physically separate but logically same.
Router - Router is used to load balance between various paths that exist on networks. Routers can attach physically different networks.
Gateway - The special machine, which allows different electronic networks to talk to Internet that uses TCP/IP, is called gateway.
E-MAIL - E-mail is a popular way of communication on the Internet. By which you can send mail to any part of the world within few seconds and without spending huge amount of money.
Usenet - These are the special groups set up by the people who want to share common interests.
Gopher - Gopher presents the Internet as a series of hierarchical menus containing items that point to another menu or file of a directory within a remote host or a telnet services or the articles of a Usenet newsgroup or to a variety of other things.
WWW - The World Wide Web is described as a "wide-area hypermedia information initiative aiming to give universal access to large universe of documents".
Archie - Archie tries to locate files in public ftp archies.
Veronica - Veronica is the one of the menu item of gopher. It is an acronym for Very Easy Rodent Oriental Net-wide Index to Computer Archives.
WAIS - Wide Area Information System.
Protocol - There are some rules that govern the work on the network and these rules are also called protocol.
IMPORTANT QUESTIONS [1 Mark]
Q1. What are repeaters?
Ans. Repeater is used to regenerate data and voice signals when they become weaker before reaching destination node. Repeater reads the incoming packet and amplifies it and transmits to another segment of the network.
Q2. What is the difference between LAN and MAN?
Ans. LAN and MAN is different in their geographical area and the speed of transfer. LAN is restricted to one building or nearby two or three buildings but MAN can cover one metropolitan i.e., from one small city to one town.
Q3. What do you understand by backbone network?
Ans. When we connect number of LANs to form one WAN, the network which is used as a backbone to connect the LANs is called backbone network.
Q4. What are Routers?
Ans. On Internet it is not necessary that all the packets will follow the same path from source to destination. A special machine is called router tries to load balance between various paths that exists on network.
Q5. What is the purpose of using a MODEM?
Ans. The modem is used to convert digital data into analog form and vice versa.
Q6. What is the difference between LAN and Internet?
Ans. LAN is confined to one or nearby building but Internet has no specific geographical area. Internet is is the collection of different LANs. It is the example of WAN.
Q7. What is the purpose of using Router?
Ans. Router tries to load balance various paths that exists on network.
Q8. What is the difference between LAN and WAN?
Ans. The difference between LAN and WAN are :
(i) In LAN the distance between the nodes is limited. But there is no upper limit in WAN.
(ii) WAN operate a speed of less than 1 mbps while LAN operate at between 1 and 10 mbps.
Q9. What is a Bridge?
Ans. A bridge is used to connect two LANs, which are physically separated but logically same.
Q10. What is the purpose of using FTP?
Ans. FTP is standard tool on the Internet for transforming copies of files. FTP can be used to copy any file from one Internet host to other.
Q11. What is the difference between WAN and MAN?
Ans. The difference between WAN and MAN are :
(i) In MAN the distance between the nodes is limited i.e.,up to one small city or town. But there is no upper limit in WAN.
(ii) WAN operate at much higher speed than MAN.
Q12. Name the device used to connect a computer to an analog telephone line.
Ans. MODEM
Q13. Mention the advantages of e-mail over conventional mailing system.
Ans. E-Mail is the electronic mail. It is usually used to exchange messages and data files than conventional mailing system. Each user is assigned an electronic mailbox. Using the appropriate command, the user can scan a list of the messages in the mailbox, display the contents of a particular message, send a message to another user and so forth.
Q14. What are backbone network?
Ans. See Ans.2 of Answers to Previous Years' Questions[1 Mark]
Q15. Mention one difference between Circular and Star topologies in networking.
Ans. The circular topology has :
Short cable length. In circular topology less connections will be needed which increase network reliability. The amount of cable needed in this topology is comparable to bus and small relative in star topology.
The star topology has :one device per connection and long cable length.
Q16. What is NFS?
Ans. NFS (Network File System) allows computers to share files across a network. NFS is computer independent and is also independent of lower layers, such as the transport layer, because it rests above the RPC (Remote Procedure Calls).
Q17. Mention one advantage of networking.
Ans. The advantage of networking is to share computer equipments and programs, messages and the information available at one site.
Q18. Mention one difference between Linear and Star topologies in networking.
Ans. The linear topology has short cable length and easy to extend.
The star topology has one device per connection and easy to access.
Q19. What is the purpose of using a Repeater in network environment?
Ans. Repeater is used to regenerate data and voice signals over network environment.
Q20. Write one advantage and one disadvantage of BUS topology.
Ans. Advantage of BUS Topology :Short cable length-Because there is single common data path connecting all nodes.
Disadvantage of BUS Topology: Fault diagnosis is difficult-Although the bus topology is very simple, but in this topology fault detection is very difficult.
Q21. What are the services provided by the Internet?
Ans. The different services provided by the Internet are :
(i) E-Mail (ii) WWW (iii) GOPHER (iv) Usenet
(v) WAIS (vi) LYNX (vii) ARCHIE (viii) Veronica
Q22. What is meant by full connectivity?
Ans. In this data communication method data is transferred through three phases :
(i) Connection or link (ii) Data transfer between two nodes
(iii) Release of connection once data transfer between the nodes is over.
Q23. What is the function of the MODEM?
Ans. The modem is used to convert digital data into analog form and vice versa.
Q24. What is the Geographical scope of MAN?
Ans. The MAN is restricted to one small city or town.
Q25. What is meant by network topology?
Ans. The pattern of interconnection of nodes in a network is called the topology.
Q26. What is gateway?
Ans. The special machine, which allows different electronic networks to talk to Internet, which uses TCP/IP, is called gateway.
Q27. What is meant by Internet?
Ans. The Internet is a global connection of computers, which are linked together by cables and telephone lines making communications possible among them in a common language.
Q28. What is Archie?
Ans. Archie tries to locate files in public FTP archies.
Q29. Define telnet.
Ans. Telnet is an Internet facility that facilitates remote login.
Q30. Give the full form of FTP.
Ans. File Transfer Protocol.
Q31. Name the device used to connect a computer to a telephone line.
Ans. Modem
Q32. Draw a diagram showing five computer nodes connected to a server in ring topology.
Ans. Try yourself to draw a figure for connecting five computers in a ring.
Q33. Which of the following provides the maximum bandwidth:
(i) Optical fibre (ii) Thin Ethernet (iii) Arcnet
Ans. Optical Fibre
Q34. What is Mosaic used for?
Ans. MOSAIC is a program for cruising the Internet.
Q35. What is the full form of WWW?
Ans. World Wide Web.
Q36. A company wants to form a network on their six computers to a server within the company premises. Represent STAR and RING topologies diagrammatically for the above network.
Ans. Try yourself.
Q37. State two reasons for which you may like to have a network of computers instead of having stand alone computers.
Ans. The two reasons for networking are:
(i) It provides sharing of resources
(ii) The processing becomes fast with easy transfer of files.
Q38. Name two browsers of Internet.
Ans. (i) Gopher (ii) WWW
Q39. Define server.
Ans. The node providing service to whole network and which is at a fixed address is called server.
Q40. What is packet?
Ans. When data is transferred from one node to other, it is divided into small parts. These small parts are called packets.
Q41. Name two classifications of the servers.
Ans. Dedicated and Non-dedicated servers
Q42. Name any one backbone network.
Ans. Fibre Distributed Data Interface.
Q43. Name the network which uses by the repeaters.
Ans. BUS.
Q44. Define WAIS.
Ans. Wide Area Information Server.
Q45. Give one advantage of having network.
Ans. We can share all the resources connected to the server.
Q46. Name any two topologies of network.
Ans. (i) Star (ii) Ring.
Q47. What is the function of TELNET?
Ans. Telnet is an Internet facility that facilitates remote login. Remote login is the process of accessing a network from a remote place without actually being at that place of working.
Q48. A school would like to go in for network of all the computers. Which topology would recommend and why?
Ans. We recommend the LAN with BUS topology. Because in the school we can fix the server at one place and pass the wire so that all the other computers and peripherals can attach to the server with the common cable wire.
Q49. Name the device which performs modulation and demodulation.
Ans. Modem.
Q50. What is demodulation?
Ans. The process of converting analog signals into digital so as receiving computer can process them is referred to as demodulation.
Q51. Name the communication modes which support two-way traffic but in only one direction at a time.
Ans. Half-duplex.
Q52. Which of the following might be used by a company to satisfy its growing communication needs:
(i) front-end processor (ii) multiplexer
(iii) controller (iv) all of the above
Ans. All of the above.
Q53. Name a broadband communication channel.
Ans. Fibre Optic Cable.
Q54. Which of the following is not a transmission medium:
(i) Telephone lines (ii) Coaxial Cable
(iii) Modem (iv) Microwave system.
Ans. Modem.
Q55. Name one advantage of using fibre optics data transmission.
Ans. Fast data transmission rate and low noise level.
Q56. Most data communication involving telegraph lines are ------------.
Ans. Narrowband channels.
Q57. What is multiplexer?
Ans. A communication device that flows data transmission from several I/O devices into one line is called multiplexer.
Q58. Name the communication line which is most suited for interactive processing application.
Ans. Full-duplex lines.
Q59. Give one example of analog communication method.
Ans. Laser beam.
Q60. What is the name of the software package that allows people to send electronic mail along a network of computers and workstation.
Ans. Data communication package.
Q61. Identify the odd term amongst the following groups:
(i) Coaxial cable (ii) Optical fibre
(iii) Twisted pair wire (iv) Microwaves.
Ans. Microwaves.
Q62. Which of the following items is not used in LAN.
(i) Computer (ii) Modem (iii) Printer (iv) Cable.
Ans. Modem.
Q63. When was modem invented and in which country?
Ans. 1950,USA.
Q64. Who invented the modem?
Ans. AT&T Information System, USA.
Q65. What is the name of the network topology in which there are bi-directional links between each possible node?
Ans. Mesh.
Q66. What is the commonly used unit for measuring the speed of data transmission?
Ans. Baud.
Q67. What are the most commonly used transmission speeds in BPS used in data communication?
Ans. 4800
Q68. Name the device which is responsible for the transfer of data from a CPU to peripheral device of a computer.
Ans. Computer ports.
Q69. Which transmission mode is used for data communication along telephone lines?
Ans. Serial.
Q70. Name the basic components of data communication system.
Ans. The basic components of the data communication are:
(i) Source device
(ii) Data communication device
(iii) Transmission medium
(iv) Destination device.
Q71. Define baud.
Ans. A baud is a data transmission rate of one bit per second.
Q72. What is basic range of data transmission rate?
Ans. The range is basically in the tune of 2400 and 9600 band.
Q73. What are the different sections of optical fibre?
Ans. (i) Core (ii) Cladding (iii) Jacket.
Q74. What do you understand by amplitude modulation?
Ans. In this mode the data is transmitted in the form of two signals i.e., high amplitude or low amplitude.
Q75. Define phase modulation.
Ans. In this type of modulation, the phase of the carrier wave is shifted by 180 degrees to represent data switches.
Q76. What is concentrator?
Ans. It is an intelligent multiplexer which can perform some routing functions.
Q77. Define (i) NIU (ii) TAP.
Ans. (i) NIU stands for Network Interface Unit It helps to establish communication between the server and the workstations.
(ii) TAP stands for Terminal Access Point.
Q78. Give the full form of the following:
(i) Modem (ii) FM (iii) AM (iv) NFS.
Ans. (i) Modulator Demodulator (ii) Frequency Modulation
(iii) Amplitude Modulation (iv) Network File Server.
Q79. Give the full form of CSMA/CD
Ans. Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection.
Q80. Which topology use point-point subnet?
Ans. Tree.
Q81. What is an RS 232 interface?
Ans. It is a 25-pin connector that connects a computer and a modem.
Q82. What is X.25 protocol?
Ans. It is a WAN protocol having low bandwidth transmission with 50 kbps data transfer rate.
Q83. What is the full form of TCP/IP?
Ans. Transmission control protocol and Internet protocol.
Q84. Name the places which are using WAN.
Ans. (i)ERNET (ii)NICNET (iii)CALIBNET (iv)I-NET
Q85. What is home page?
Ans. A home page contains details about a particular entity. For example, the company and its structure etc.
Q86. What is HTML?
Ans. HTML is the Hypertext Mark up Language used to design home page.
Q87. What is SMTP?
Ans. SMTP stands for Simple Mail Transfer Protocol. This protocol helps a user to send mail to other networks or computers.
IMPORTANT QUESTIONS [2 Marks]
Q1. Describe the following in brief : (i) MOSAIC (ii) Usenet.
Ans. (i) MOSAIC: Mosaic is a program for cruising the Internet. The National Centre wrote this program for Supercomputer Application at the university of Illinois. It has a simple windows interface, which creates useful hypertext links that automatically perform some of the menu bar and button functions.
(ii) Usenet : In Internet, Usenet is the way to meet people and share information. Usenet newsgroup is a special group set up by people who want share common interests ranging from current topic to cultural heritages.
Q2. Write the two advantages and two disadvantages of the following topologies in network: (i) Bus Topology (ii) Star Topology
Ans.
(i) Advantages of BUS topology
1. Short cable length
2. Easy to extend
Disadvantages of BUS topology
1.Fault diagnosis is difficult
2.Nodes must be intelligent to select the data send.
(ii) Advantages of STAR topology
1.One device per connection
2.Easy to access.
Disadvantages of STAR topology
1.Long cable length
2.Central node dependency.
Q3. Give two advantages and two disadvantages of the following network topologies: (i) BUS (ii) Tree
Ans.
(i) Advantages of BUS topology
1.Short cable length
2.Easy to extend
Disadvantages of BUS topology
1.Fault diagnosis is difficult
2.Nodes must be intelligent to select the data send.
(ii) Advantages of TREE topology
1.Easy to extend
2.Fault isolation is easy
Disadvantages of TREE topology
1.Dependent on root computer
2.Complex access protocol.
Q4. Give two advantages and two disadvantages of the following network topologies:: (i) Star (ii) Tree
Ans.
(i) Advantages of STAR topology
1.One device per connection
2.Easy to access
Disadvantages of STAR topology
1.Long cable length
2.Central node dependency
(ii) Advantages of TREE topology
1.Easy to extend
2.Fault isolation is easy
Disadvantages of TREE topology
1.Dependent on root computer
2.Complex access protocol
Q5. Write the two advantages and two disadvantages of BUS Topology in network.
Ans.
Advantages of BUS Topology
(i) Short cable length-Because there is single common data path connecting all nodes.
(ii) Easy to extend-Additional nodes can be connected to an existing bus network at any point along its length.
Disadvantages of BUS Topology:
(i) Fault diagnosis is difficult-Although the bus topology is very simple, but in the topology fault detection is very difficult.
(ii) Nodes must be intelligent-Each node in the network is directly connected to the central bus. This means that some way of deciding who can use the network at any given time must be performed in each node. It tends to increase the cost of the nodes irrespective of whether this is performed in hardware or software.
Q6. Briefly mention two advantages and two disadvantages of Star Topology in network.
Ans.
Advantages of Star Topology:
(i) Easy to service-The Star Topology has a number of connection points i.e., at the central node or at intermediate wiring closets. These provides easy service or re-configuration of the network.
(ii) One device per connection-In star topology failure of a single connection typically involves disconnecting one node from an other.
Disadvantages of Star Topology:
(i) Long cable length-Because each node in star topology is directly connected to the centre, the star topology requires a large quantity of cable.
(ii) Central node dependency-If the central node fails the network gets failed.
Q7. Briefly mention two advantages and two disadvantages of Ring Topology in network.
Ans.
Advantages of Ring Topology:
(i) Short cable length-In ring topology less connections are needed which increase network reliability.
(ii) The amount of cable needed in this topology is comparable to bus and small relative to star.
Disadvantages of Ring Topology:
(i) Node failure causes network failure-Since each node in this network is connected to its neighboring node and data is travel through each node. So there is one way traffic flow until defective node is removed.
Q8. Name two switching circuits and explain any one.
Ans. The two switching circuits are: Circuit switching and Message switching.
Circuit Switching: In this technique, first the complete physical connection between two computers is established and then data is transmitted from the source computer to the destination computer.
Q9. Name two communication channels used in networking and explain any one.
Ans. Two communication channels are: Twisted pair cable and coaxial cable.
Twisted pair cable. The most common form of wiring in data communication applications is the twisted pair cable. As a voice grade medium (VGM), it is the basis for most internal offices telephone wiring. It consists of two identical wires in the pair having the same impedance to ground, making it a balanced medium. This characteristic helps to lower the cable's susceptibility to noise from neighboring cables or external sources.
Q10. What is a network server? What is its role?
Ans. Network Server plays an important role, the resource sharing is possible in the network with the help of server. There are two types of server.
(i) Dedicated Server: On bigger network, a computer is reserved for the cause of serving which is called dedicated server.
(ii) Non-Dedicated Server: It is one of the workstation of the network that is working as a server.
Q11. Name two network topologies and list one merit and one demerit of each.
Ans. (i) Advantage of BUS topology-Short cable length
Disadvantage of BUS topology-Fault diagnosis is difficult.
(ii) Advantage of TREE topology-Easy to extend
Disadvantage of TREE topology-Dependent on the root computer.
Q12. Write the capabilities and services supported by LAN.
Ans. LAN is a network in which a number of computers can attach to each other. In the LAN the entire computers are connected to each other and they can share the information and peripheral devices. So there is no need to attach same device to each and every computer. This will reduce the cost of the hardware. In the LAN one server can serve each and every node, so there is no need that every computer can have high capacity of CPU.
Q13. How does the repeaters differ from the bridges?
Ans. Repeater is used to regenerate data and other signals. While a bridge is used to connect two LANs, which are physically separate but logically same.
Q14. What is ISO OSI standard for network?
Ans. In the international are, ANSI has traditionally submitted appropriate standards to the ISO for approval as international standards. These standards can carry the force of law in the member countries and government procurement of such standards are strictly enforced.
Q15. What are the facilities provided by the SERVER in a network environment?
Ans. Server plays an important role, the resource sharing is possible in the network with the help of server. There are two types of server:
(i) Dedicated Server: On bigger network, a computer is reserved for the cause of serving which is called dedicated server.
(ii) Non-Dedicated Server: It is one of the workstations of the network that is working as a server.
Q16. Give at least two advantages of the E-Mail.
Ans. The two advantages of the e-mail are:
(i) Low cost: e-mail is a very cost effective medium of transferring mail. We can send the message from one corner of the world to other corner without spending huge amount of money.
(ii) Speed: The second advantage of the e-mail is that we can send the message from one place to another within few seconds.
Q17. Write the difference between LAN, MAN and WAN.
Ans. LAN: It stands for Local Area Network. It is confined to one building or nearby building.
MAN: It stands for Metropolitan Area Network. It is confined to one city or town.
WAN: It stands for Wide Area Network. It is connected with several LANs through high power bandwidth or satellite.
Q18. Draw the diagram of the Tree and Ring topology.
Ans. (i) Tree Topology (ii) Ring Topology
Q19. What is meant by Client/Server environment?
Ans. To designate a particular node which is at well known and fixed address, to provide a service to the network as a whole. The node providing the service is known as the server and the nodes, which use that services are called as clients of that server. This type of network is called client server model.
Q20. Define nodes and dumb terminals.
Ans. The terminals attached to the network and share the resources of the network are called nodes.
Dumb Terminals: The low-cost dumb terminal is entirely dependent for all its capabilities on the computer system to which it is connected. It cannot do any processing of its own and is used only for data input and retrieval.
Q21. Describe MOSAIC.
Ans. Mosaic is a program for cruising the Internet. This program was written by the National Center for Supercomputer Application (NCSA) at the University of Illinois. It is constantly being upgraded. It has a simple windows interface, which creates useful hypertext links that automatically perform some of the menu bar and button functions.
Q22. How is token moved in token passing ring method?
Ans. In token passing ring the data token are passed in the sequence manner from one node to another. When a node has taken possession of the token, it has permission to transmit a packet of information after which it must pass it on the next node in the sequence. When used with the ring topology, a token circulates around the ring being passed by each node to its successor. If a node has data to transmit, it will 'seize' the token and transmit its packet.
Q23. What is the difference between e-mail and fax?
Ans. E-Mail is the electronic mail. It is usually used to exchange messages and data files. Each user is assigned an electronic mailbox. Using the appropriate command, the user can scan a list of the messages in the mailbox, display the contents of a particular message, send a message to another user and so forth.
FAX: The popular fax machine is a type of scanner that 'reads" text and graphics and transmits them over telephone lines to a computer with a fax board or another fax machine.
Q24. Differentiate between Circuit switching and Message switching.
Ans. Circuit Switching: In this technique, first the complete physical connection between two computers is established and then data is transmitted from the source computer to the destination computer.
Message Switching: In this technique, the source sends data or the message to the switching office, which stores the data in its buffer, it then looks for a free link to another switching office and then sends the data to this office.
Q25. What is packet switching?
Ans. A packet switching network divides the data traffic into blocks called packets that have maximum length. Each packet of user data travels in a data envelope, which gives the destination address of the packet and a variety of control information. Each switching node in a minicomputer reads the packet into its memory, examines the address, selects the next node to which it shall transmit the packet, and sends it on its way. The packets eventually reach their destination, where their envelopes are stripped off. Then they may have to be reassembled to form the original user messages. It is rather like a postal service in which letters in envelopes are passed from one post office to another until they reach their destination.
Q26. Differentiate between DEDICATED and NON-DEDICATED SERVER.
Ans. Dedicated servers function strictly as servers, and are not available as user workstation. Dedicated servers generally provide better performance and system integrity than non-dedicated servers.
Non-Dedicated Servers function as user workstation as well as file servers. Although most manufacturers provide for non-dedicated servers, performance and system integrity issues can make this a risky approach.
Q27. What is Client/Server architecture?
Ans. To designate a particular node which well known and fixed address, to provide a service to the network as a whole. The node providing the service is known as the server and the nodes that use that services are called as clients of that server. This type of network is called client server model.
Q28. Define (i) Simplex (ii) Half duplex (iii) Full duplex.
Ans. (i) In this mode, data is always transferred in only one direction.
(ii) In this mode, the data can be transferred in both directions but one at a time.
(iii) In this mode the data can be transferred in both directions simultaneously.
Q29. What is the difference between base band and broadband coaxial cables?
Ans. The broadband cable can transmit multiple frequencies signals at a time. On the other hand, a base band cable can transmit voice, data or pictures on a single channel at a very high speed.
Q30. Name two network topologies and list one merit and one demerit of each.
Ans. (i) Advantage of STAR topology-One device per connection.
Disadvantage of STAR topology-Long cable length.
(ii) Advantage of TREE topology-Easy to extend.
Disadvantage of TREE topology-Dependent on the root computer.
Q31. What do you understand by bandwidth? What is its function?
Ans. The capacity of a medium to transmit a signal is called bandwidth. The amount of information that can be transmitted for a distance is determined by the bandwidth.
Q32. What are the facilities provided by the SERVER in the Network environment?
Ans. Server plays an important role the source sharing is possible in the network with the help of server. There are two types of servers:
(i) Dedicated Server: On bigger network, a computer is reserved for the cause of serving which is called dedicated server.
(ii) Non-Dedicated Server: It is one of the workstations of the network that is working as the server.
Q33. What is the difference between Bridge and Router?
Ans. BRIDGE: It links two networks of similar protocol and it uses physical address.
ROUTER: It can link two networks with different protocols and it uses logical address.
Q34. How does communications takes place in Ring Topology?
Ans. The ring topology is also called loop. In this case each node is connected to two and only two neighboring nodes. Data is accepted from one of the neighboring nodes and is transmitted onwards to another. Thus data travels in one direction only, from node to node around the ring. After passing through each node, it returns to the sending node that removes it.
Q35. Name different layer of the ISO OSI layer.
Ans. The ISO OSI model has seven layers:
(i) Physical layer (ii) Data link layer
(iii) Network layer (iv) Transport layer
(v) Session layer (vi) Presentation layer
(vii) Application layer
Q36. What is the different switching technique employed to provide communication between computers?
Ans. Different type of switching technique, which are used to provide communication between two computers are: (i) Packet Switching (ii) Circuit Switching (iii) Message Switching
Q37. Give one advantage and one disadvantage of Ring topology.
Ans. Advantage of Ring Topology:
(i) Short cable length: In ring topology less connections are needed which increases network reliability. The amount of cable needed in this topology is comparable to bus and small relative to star topology.
Disadvantage of Ring topology:
(i) Node failure causes network failure: Since each node in this network is connected to its neighboring node and data is traveling through each node. So, there is one way traffic flow until defective node is removed.
Q38. Give merit and demerit of star topology.
Ans. (i) Advantage of Star topology-One device per connection.
Disadvantage of Star topology-Long cable length.